LECTURE THIRTEEN

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

TISSUE FLUID = BODY FLUID = INTERSTITUAL FLUID
LYMPH
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
VITREOUS HUMOR AND AQUEOUS HUMOR
COELOMIC FLUID


HUMAN BLOOD CONTAINS LIVING CELLS THAT ARE SUSPENDED IN A LIQUID

THE LIVING CELLS ARE THE FORMED ELEMENTS THE LIQUID IS BLOOD PLASMA




THREE TYPES OF FORMED ELEMENTS
ERYTHROCYTES OR RED BLOOD CELLS CONTAIN HEMOGLOBIN




A SINGLE RBC CONTAINS ABOUT 250 MILLION MOLECULES OF HEMOGLOBIN, EACH OF WHICH
CAN CARRY FOUR MOLECULES OF OXYGEN




RBCs ARE FORMED IN THE BONE MARROW OF ADULTS, BUT IN THE KIDNEYS, LIVER AND SPLEEN OF CHILDREN AND LOWER ANIMALS



A MATURE RBC DOES NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS AND HAS THE SHAPE OF A BICONCAVE DISK

A RBC LIVES FOR ABOUT 120 DAYS



ANEMIA IS LESS THAN NORMAL AMOUNTS OF HEMOGLOBIN IN THE BLOOD BUT IT IS NOT
A SINGLE SPECIFIC DISEASE



IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE, RBCs TAKE ON A SICKLE SHAPE UNDER LOW OXYGEN CONDITIONS



4 PROTEIN MOLECULES IN HEMOGLOBIN, 2 ALPHA AND 2 BETA
THE BETA MOLECULE IS ABNORMAL IN SICKLE CELL
AMINO ACID # 6 IN NORMAL Hb IS GLUTAMIC ACID
IN SICKLE CELL Hb, IT IS VALINE

DNA CODONS FOR GLU ARE CTT AND CTC
DNA CODONS FOR VAL ARE CAT AND CAC




LEUKOCYTES OR WHITE BLOOD CELLS HAVE NO PIGMENT MOLECULES IN THEM AND FUNCTION IN PROTECTING THE BODY



LYMPHOCYTES, MONOCYTES, NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS AND BASOPHILS




WBCs ARE PRODUCED IN THE LYMPH NODES, THYMUS, SPLEEN AND RED BONE MARROW

WBCs HAVE NUCLEI THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES BUT LIVE FOR ONLY 1 TO 4 DAYS

WBCs RESEMBLE PROTOZOA AND PRODUCE ANTIBODIES




PLATELETS OR THROMBOCYTES ARE NOT TRUE CELLS




PLATELETS FUNCTION IN THE FORMATION OF BLOOD CLOTS
FORMATION OF A BLOOD CLOT IS A COMPLEX PROCESS BOTH PHYSIOLOGICALLY AND CHEMICALLY




RETRACTION OF THE CLOT PRODUCES BLOOD SERUM



A THROMBUS IS A CLOT THAT FORMS INSIDE OF A BLOOD VESSEL
AN EMBOLUS IS A CLOT THAT IS LARGE ENOUGH TO BLOCK A BLOOD VESSEL

HEART ATTACK, STROKE, PULMONARY EMBOLUS




IN HEMOPHILIA, BLOOD DOES NOT CLOT PROPERLY




NUMBER OF FORMED ELEMENTS PER MILLILITER OF WHOLE BLOOD
                RBC 5,000,000
                WBC     7,000
            PLATELETS 300,000




BLOOD PLASMA
  90% WATER
7-8% PROTEINS
        ANTIBODIES
        PLASMA PROTEINS
          ALBUMINS
          ALPHA AND BETA GLOBULINS
          GAMMA GLOBULINS
        FIBRINOGEN
   1% ELECTROLYTES
      NUTRIENTS AND VITAMINS
      METABOLIC INTERMEDIATES
      WASTE PRODUCTS
      DISSOLVED GASES
      HORMONES

THE pH OF BLOOD IS USUALLY 7.4