LECTURE TWENTY-FOUR

EACH ANIMAL HAS A BEHAVIORAL REPERTOIRE
WHICH IS A SET OF BEHAVIOR PATTERNS THAT
IT WILL PERFORM CONSISTENTLY



FEEDING BEHAVIOR IS RELATED TO FINDING
AND CONSUMING FOOD



PREDATORY BEHAVIOR CONCERNS THE PREDATOR-
PREY RELATIONSHIP



ORIENTATION BEHAVIOR ESTABLISHES AN
ANIMAL'S FAMILIARITY WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS

A HOME RANGE IS AN AREA OF DAILY MOVEMENT
A TERRITORY IS AN AREA THAT AN ANIMAL WILL
DEFEND



AGGRESSION IS BEHAVIOR ASSOCIATED WITH
COMPETITION FOR FOOD, SPACE, OR MATING
PARTNERS

AGGRESSION IS NOT THE SAME AS FIGHTING
AGGRESSION IS RITUALIZED
AGGRESSION OFTEN TAKES THE FORM OF A DISPLAY



SOCIAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS INVOLVE THE BEHAVIOR
OF GROUPS OF ANIMALS AND ARE OF VALUE TO THE INTERACTING GROUP
 

A DOMINANCE HIERARCHY IS A RANKING OF THE
MEMBERS OF THE GROUP

A DOMINANCE HIERARCHY MAY BE EXPRESSED IN
LEADERSHIP OR IN A PECKING ORDER




COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOR TRANSFERS INFORMATION



COURTSHIP AND MATING BEHAVIOR IS ASSOCIATED
WITH REPRODUCTION AND IS DIRECTED TOWARD
DECREASING AGGRESSION AND ESTABLISHING
SPECIES AND SEXUAL IDENTIFICATION




PARENTAL CARE BEHAVIOR CONCERNS THE CARE
AND FEEDING OF YOUNG BY THE PARENTS



MOTIVATION IS A MEASURE OF HOW STRONGLY
DIRECTED THE BEHAVIOR IS TOWARD THE
SPECIFIC GOAL



THE RETICULAR FORMATION AND HYPOTHALAMUS
ARE THE NEUROLOGICAL BASIS FOR MOTIVATION
IN HIGHER ANIMALS

MOTIVATION CAN RESULT IN APPETITIVE BEHAVIOR

THE RELEASER DIRECTS THE BEHAVIOR TOWARD A
SPECIFIC GOAL

THE ANIMAL WILL THEN SHOW CONSUMMATORY ACTS




QUEEN BEES ARE FED ROYAL JELLY

MANY ANT SPECIES RELEASE TRAIL MARKERS

MUSK IS OFTEN USED TO MARK TERRITORIES

PHEROMONES ARE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE SECRETED
BY ANIMALS THAT SPECIFICALLY INFLUENCE THE
BEHAVIOR OF OTHER ANIMALS OF THE SAME SPECIES

A FEMALE GYPSY MOTH CONTAINS ONE ONE-MILLIONTH
GRAM OF SEX ATTRACTANT WHICH WILL ATTRACT
MALES FROM SEVERAL MILES AROUND HER




INNATE = GENETIC = HEREDITARY = OCCURS BY
NATURE = INBORN



BEHAVIORAL COMPONENTS:
1. TROPISM - INNATE - A DIRECTED MOVEMENT
OR GROWTH ORIENTATION FOUND IN ORGANISMS
WHICH LACK NERVOUS SYSTEMS

A TROPISM IS POSITIVE IF IT IS DIRECTED
TOWARD THE STIMULUS, NEGATIVE IF IT IS
DIRECTED AWAY FROM THE STIMULUS

THE NAME OF A TROPISM ALWAYS INDICATES
THE STIMULUS AND HAS THE SUFFIX -TROPISM

A PLANT STEM SHOWS POSITIVE PHOTOTROPISM
GRAPE TENDRILS SHOW POSITIVE THIGMOTROPISM
PLANT STEMS SHOW NEGATIVE GEOTROPISM

TROPISMS USUALLY INVOLVE INDIVIDUAL PARTS
OF ORGANISMS AND HORMONES ARE THEIR
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS



2. TAXIS - INNATE - A DIRECTED MOVEMENT
OR GROWTH ORIENTATION FOUND IN PRIMITIVE
ORGANISMS WITH SIMPLE NERVOUS SYSTEMS

A TAXIS INVOLVES THE WHOLE ORGANISM

TAXES ARE NAMED IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO
TROPISMS

EUGLENA SHOWS POSITIVE PHOTOTAXIS AND POSITIVE THERMOTAXIS

A KINESIS IS A TYPE OF TAXIS THAT IS
STIMULATED BUT UNDIRECTED




3. REFLEXES - INNATE - INVOLVE BODY PARTS,
ARE FOUND FROM THE INVERTEBRATES TO ADVANCED
ANIMALS AND ARE HIGHLY SPECIFIC



4. INSTINCT - INNATE - A SERIES OF ACTIONS
THAT ARE UNIQUE TO A SPECIES



ACQUIRED = EXPERIENCED = CONDITIONED =
OCCURS BY NURTURE = MUST BE TAUGHT



5. LEARNED BEHAVIOR - ACQUIRED - ANY BEHAVIOR
THAT AN ANIMAL ACQUIRES AS A DIRECT RESULT
OF EXPERIENCE



6. REASONING - ACQUIRED - BEHAVIOR THAT
RESULTS FROM INTELLECTUALLY COMBINING OR
ANTICIPATING EXPERIENCES



REASONING CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE SOLVING
OF NOVEL PROBLEMS OR BY THE FORMATION OF
CONCEPTS

LEARNED BEHAVIOR AND REASONING INCREASE IN
ANIMALS AS THE SIZE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
INCREASES



TYPES OF LEARNING:

1. HABITUATION OCCURS WHEN A STIMULUS LOSES
ITS RESPONSE VALUE



2. A CONDITIONED RESPONSE OR CLASSIC
CONDITIONING OCCURS WHEN ONE STIMULUS IS
REPLACED BY ANOTHER

PAVLOV AND HIS DOG



3. OPERANT CONDITIONING IS BASED ON REWARD
OR PUNISHMENT FOR A PARTICULAR ACTIVITY

SKINNER BOX



4. TRIAL AND ERROR LEARNING IS THE ETHOLOGICAL EQUIVALENT OF OPERANT CONDITIONING




5. INSIGHT LEARNING IS THE ABILITY TO COMBINE
ISOLATED EXPERIENCES TO FORM A NEW BEHAVIOR
WHICH IS ORIENTED TOWARD A SPECIFIC GOAL




6. IMPRINTING OCCURS WHEN A NEWLY HATCHED OR
NEWLY BORN ANIMAL ATTACHES ITSELF TO THE
FIRST THING THAT IT ENCOUNTERS



A LEARNING RECORD IS CALLED A MEMORY TRACE
OR ENGRAM



ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
CAUSES VERY VIVID AND DETAILED RECOLLECTIONS
(WORK OF WILDER PENFIELD)




THE AMOUNT OF MEMORY LOST DEPENDS ON THE
AMOUNT OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THAT IS
REMOVED BUT NOT ON WHAT SPECIFIC PART IS
REMOVED (WORK OF KARL LASHLEY)

REVERBERATING CIRCUITS




WORN PATH OR SYNCHRONIZED NERVE FIRING THEORY




PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OR MODIFICATION



RNA SYNTHESIS (WORK OF JAMES V. McCONNELL)